TOPIC :-  POWER  SUPPLY:-

·      A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. 

·   Power supply to use that convert DC current to AC    current.

Power  supply  circuit  diagram :-

Power  supply  pcb  design  :-

Microcontroller:-

              A microcontroller (MCU for microcontroller unit) is a small computer on a single metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip.

            A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (processor cores) along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals. 

7 segment :-

The 7-segment display, also written as “seven segment display”, consists of seven LEDs (hence its name) arranged in a rectangular fashion as shown. Each of the seven LEDs is called a segment because when illuminated the segment forms part of a numerical digit (both Decimal and Hex) to be displayed. 

 As each LED has two connecting pins, one called the “Anode” and the other called the “Cathode”, there are therefore two types of LED 7-segment display called: Common Cathode (CC) and Common Anode (CA).

1. The Common Cathode (CC) – In the common cathode display, all the cathode connections of the LED segments are joined together to logic “0” or ground. The individual segments are illuminated by application of a “HIGH”, or logic “1” signal via a current limiting resistor to forward bias the individual Anode terminals (a-g).

Common Cathode 7-segment Display :-

2. The Common Anode (CA) – In the common anode display, all the anode connections of the LED segments are joined together to logic “1”. The individual segments are illuminated by applying a ground, logic “0” or “LOW” signal via a suitable current limiting resistor to the Cathode of the particular segment (a.g).

Common Anode 7-segment Display :

7 segment led in arduino :-

    

 

7-Segment Display Segments for all  Numbers:-

Then for a 7-segment display, we can produce a truth table giving the individual segments that need to be illuminated in order to produce the required decimal digit from 0 through 9 as shown below.                              

 

MICROCONTROLLER (IC) 40 PIN DIGRAM:-

ARDUINO UNO PROJECT:-

ARDUINO 3 IMAGE:--

 

ARDUNIO PROGRAM RULE:-

RULES:-

·      Every Arduino program has void setup() and void loop().

·      Program runs in linear fashion.

·      Remember the {} curly brackets.

·      Put  ;  after every statement.

·      Variables are used to store information to be referenced and manipulated in a computer program.

·      Three things are required to declare a variable

1.       Data type

2.    Variable name

3.    Value

SOME BASIC FUNCTIONS FOR CONTROLLING THE ARDUINO BOAD:-

·      pinMode()

Configures the specified pin to behave either as an input or an output.

Syntax

pinMode (pin, mode);

pin: Ardunio pin

mode: INPUT/OUTPUT

                 EX: pinMode (13, OUTPUT);

·      digitalWrite()

write a HIGH or a LOW to a digital pin.

Syntax

digitalWrite (pin, value);

pin: Arduino pin

value: HIGH/LOW

Ex: digitalWrite (13, HIGH);

·      delay()

Pauses the program for the amount of time ( in milliseconds) specified as parameter.

Syntax

delay (ms);

ms: the number of milliseconds to pause

Ex: delay (1000);

NUMERIC  DATA  TYPES IN ARDUINO PROGRAMMING :-

·      byte

A byte stores an 8-bit unsigned number, from 0 to 255 (maximum value of (2^8) -1).

Syntax

byte var = value;

var: variable name

value :the value to assign to that variable

Ex: byte var = 155;

·      word

A word can store an unsigned number of at least 16 bits from 0 to 65535 (maximum value of (2^16)-1).

Syntax

word var = value;

var: variable name

value: the value to assign to that variable

Ex: word var = 2568;

·      short

A short is a 16 –bit data-type.

A short stores a 16-bit (2- byte) value. This yields a range of -32,768 to 32,767 (minimum value of -2^15 and a maximum value of (2^15)-1).

Syntax

Short var =value;

var: variable name

value: the value to assign to that variable.

Ex: short var = -1552;

·      int

An int stores a 16-bit(2-byte) value. This yields a range of -32,768 to 32,767(minimum value of -2^15 and a maximum value of (2^15)-1).

Syntax

Int var = value;

var: variable name

value : the value to assign to that variable

·      long

Long variables are extended size variables for number storage , and store 32 bits (4 bytes), from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (minimum value of -2^31 and a maximum value of (2^31)-1).

Syntax

Long var = value;l

Var: variable name

Value: the value to assign to that variable

·      float

Datatype for floating-point numbers, a number that has a decimal point. Floating-point numbers can be as large as 3.40x10^38 an low as -3.40x10^38.

Synatx

Float var = value;

var: variable name

value: the value to assign to that variable

Ex: float var = 25.26;

·      double

The double implementation is exactly the same as the float.

Syntax

Double var =value;

var: variable name

value: the value to assign to that variable

Ex : double var =25.26;

Text   data types in arduino programming :-

·      char

A data type used to store a character value. Character literals are written in single quote, like this: ‘A’

Syntax

char var = value;

var: variable name

value: the value to assign to the variable

Ex: char var = ‘A’;